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Nitrobenzyl photolinker2/3/2024 To this end, the nitrobenzyl group has been integrated into linkers to attach protein-repellent PEG (poly ethylene glycol) coatings to different types of surfaces and to later locally release the coatings to obtain patches for cell adhesion 15, 16. Despite limitations of the nitrobenzyl group, which include slow reaction kinetics, low photochemical efficiency and irradiation with UV-light that can be damaging to cells, it has been used extensively to control cell material interactions 6, 13, 14. The nitrobenzyl group, which undergoes selective bond cleavage upon irradiation with UV-light, has been a valuable building block to control material properties and the presentation of biomolecules 6, 13, 14. Photoresponsive materials have been of particular interest as light provides external regulation with the highest accuracy in space and time, is non-invasive, can be used to pattern unconventional geometries (including both 2D and 3D), tune interactions and form gradients by only partial switching 6, 13, 14. To turn on and off interactions dynamically, materials that react to stimuli, such as changes in temperature 2, electric fields 3, 4, 5, light 6, 7, 8 or biochemical signals 9, 10, 11, have been established 1, 12. A key motivation to micropattern such bioactive molecules on surfaces and controllably detach them in vitro is to mimic the patterns and dynamics created during complex multicellular tissue formation in vivo. The controlled presentation, patterning and release of bioactive molecules such as adhesion peptides and proteins on surfaces is important for the development of biomaterials that can guide cell behavior 1.
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